Introduction. The urgency of studying the concept and role of food security in the national security framework stems from the ongoing geopolitical and sanction-related pressures impacting the Russian Federation’s economic development. The research aims to establish the theoretical framework, specifically by determining the position and definition of “food security” within the national security system, considering the dynamic contemporary environment and the imperative for the ecological transformation of agricultural businesses. According to the authors, optimal solutions and modern approaches in developing the theoretical foundations of ensuring “food security” have not yet been found. The complexity of defining the concept of “food security” is related to the fact that this area of legal regulation is closely interrelated and interdependent with the problem of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas, the greening of agricultural production. Methods. The methodological basis for researching of the development of the system of legal regulation of food security management, where the main subjects are agricultural producers, consists of general scientific methods of cognition of social phenomena, including the historical method, as well as the synthesis of scientific knowledge in various fields. Results. The article examines the methodological and theoretical foundations for the formation of the concept of “food security”. The authors have determined that this concept is key in the process of researching the development of the legal regulation system for ensuring food security. At the same time, research should be based on understanding the specific historical period of the state’s development under conditions of geopolitical and sanctions pressure. The conclusion reached is that ensuring food, environmental, and biological security are interconnected and mutually dependent objectives in today’s world, alongside the goals of increasing rural incomes, enhancing agricultural productivity, and fostering the sustainable development of rural areas. A strong and inextricable connection, as well as mutual dependence, between the national security of the Russian Federation and the level of the country’s socioeconomic development has been revealed. The evolution of the concept of “food security” has been analysed in a historical context. An author’s definition of “food security” for the modern period has been formulated.