employee
Ryazan, Orel, Russian Federation
employee
Ryazan', Orel, Russian Federation
UDK 37.013.46 Теоретическая педагогика
Introduction. The category of convicted girls is not numerous. According to specialists and practitioners, it is one of the most difficult groups in terms of educational training. This fact was underlined in the pre-revolutionary period when organizing the first specialized institutions for this category of people. Even despite the insignificant number of educational and correctional institutions, Russia had a fairly rich experience of educational work with delinquent girls, which was based both on advanced theoretical and practical ideas of organizing the re-education of juvenile offenders abroad and national psychological and pedagogical innovations. The purpose of the article is to reveal pre-revolutionary experience (based on of archival materials) of organizing educational work in the first specialized institutions for beggars, vagrants, as well as young female convicts. Methodology, methods and techniques. General scientific research methods aimed at collecting, analyzing, systematizing and generalizing data, in particular, the analysis of literary sources directly related to the subject of the study, the study of archival materials were used. The research methodology is based on the characteristics of deviant and delinquent behavior of minors. Results. The first orphanage was opened in 1873. There were four of them in Russia, and only the Bolshevsky (Yakovlevsky) orphanage was fully specialized. Two foreign types of re-education of juvenile delinquents were effectively combined in the work with female inmates: the family approach to the organization of the life of inmates and the splitting of inmates into classes and grades according to their achievements in education and in terms of their behavior. In Russia, the key goal of educational work in orphanages was spiritual and moral upbringing of children, which was implemented through school education, labour and religion. The effectiveness of educational work was based on classification of female trainees into groups according to different criteria (age, behavioral and character features, progress in studies and work) and motivation to reform the orphanages (monetary rewards, passing from lower to higher groups with better living conditions in the centre, early release from the orphanage). The compulsory vocational training was aimed at helping the girls to find employment after leaving the orphanage. The idea of patronage was developed and implemented, based both on the knowledge of the girls’ individual and psychological characteristics and the degree of rehabilitation by the moment of their leaving the orphanage. Scientific novelty. The findings broaden the understanding of educational work with deviant girls in the pre-revolutionary period of Russia. Practical significance. The results can be used in the course of training of cadets of educational institutions of higher education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.
female minors, educational and correctional orphanages, patronage, education, spiritual and moral education, family system
1. Belova, N. A. (2021). Vospitatel’no-ispravitel’nye uchrezhdeniya dlya nesovershennoletnih zhenskogo pola v Rossii vo vtoroj polovine XIX -nachale XX veka. Vedomosti ugolovno-ispolnitel’noj sistemy, 1 (224), 18−30.
2. Bolshevskij remeslenno-ispravitel’nyj priyut dlya nishchenstvuyushchih devochek (Mosk. uezd): ocherk deyatel’nosti priyuta s osnovaniya onogo po 1 yanvarya 1884 goda (1884). O-vo dlya pooshchreniya trudolyubiya v Moskve Bol’shev. ispravit. priyut dlya nishchenstvuyushchih devochek. Moskow: pechatnya S. P. Yakovleva, 1876-1890.
3. Gogel’, S. K. (1911). Detskaya prestupnost’ v Sankt-Peterburge v 1910 godu, po dannym popechitelej detskogo suda. Pravo. Ezhenedel’naya yuridicheskaya gazeta, 20, 1167−1178.
4. Zanozina, V. N., Adamenko, E. A. (2010). Blagotvoritel’nost’ i miloserdie. Rubezh XIX-XX vekov. Saint Petersburg: Liki Rossii.
5. Zaharov, A. (1898). Studzenec i Pushcha. Tyuremnyj vestnik, 4, 165−177.
6. Kalashnikova, T. V., Kalashnikova, M. M. (2022). Rol’ S. P. Yakovleva v organizacii raboty vospitatel’no-ispravitel’nyh priyutov dlya nesovershennoletnih zhenskogo pola s deviantnym povedeniem v Rossii. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgsko¬go universiteta MVD Rossii, 4 (96), 166−172. https://doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2022-4-166-172
7. Kara, S. V. (2015). Nachalo sozdaniya ispravitel’no-vospitatel’nyh uchrezhdenij dlya nesovershennoletnih pravonarushitelej v Rossii. Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2, 216−218.
8. Kerzum, A. P., Lejkind, O. L., Severyuhin, D. Ya. (2016). Blagotvoritel’nost’ v Sankt-Peterburge 1703-1918. Istoricheskaya enciklopediya (str. 267−268). Saint Petersburg: Liki Rossii.
9. Lavrent’ev, M. V. (2010). Saratovskij ispravitel’nyj priyut imeni M. N. Galkina-Vraskogo (1873-1917 gg.). Istoriya gosudarstva i prava, 12, 35−37.
10. Lavrent’ev, M. V., Kosyrev, A. V. (2020). Saratovskij Galkinskij uchebno-ispravitel’nyj priyut v 70-90-h godah XIX v. V Zh. V. Murzina (glav. red.), Pedagogicheskie i social’nye voprosy obrazovaniya: sbornik materialov Vserossijskoj nauch¬no-prakticheskoj konferencii (BU CHR DPO «CHuvashskij respublikanskij institut obrazovaniya» Ministerstva obrazovaniya i molodezhnoj politiki CHuvashskoj Respubliki, g. Cheboksary, 2020 g., str. 24-29). Cheboksary: «Izdatel’skij dom «Sreda».
11. Luneev, V. V. (2005). Prestupnost’ XX veka. Mirovye, regional’nye i rossijskie tendencii. Izd. 2-e, pererab. i dop. Moskow: Volters Kluver.
12. Monahinya Evfimiya (Pashchenko) (2007). Ocherki iz zhizni pravoslavnyh severnyh zhenskih monastyrej serediny XIX - nachala HKH vv. Arhangel’sk: Pravoslavnyj izd. Centr.
13. Nemashkalov, P. G., Prostyakov, A. A. (2023). Ispravitel’nyj priyut dlya nesovershennoletnih prestupnikov pri Chernomorskom Ekaterino-Lebyazh’em Nikolaevskom muzhskom monastyre: istoriya otkrytiya i problemy organizacii deyatel’nosti. Nauchnyj al’manah stran Prichernomor’ya, 9 (2), 67−73.
14. Nemashkalov, P. G., Shebzuhova, T. A. (2022). Istoriya Chernomorskoj Marie-Magdalinskoj pustyni v deyatel’nosti nastoyatel’nic. Gumanitarnye i yuridicheskie issledovaniya, 3 (9), 462−471.
15. Otchet o deyatel’nosti obshchestva zemledel’cheskih kolonij i remeslennyh priyutov za 1894 god. Varshava 1895. Tyuremnyj vestnik, 12, 620.
16. Otchet o deyatel’nosti Varshavskogo obshchestva zemledel’cheskih kolonij i remeslennyh priyutov za 1896 god. Varshava 1898. Tyuremnyj vestnik, 3, 130-133.
17. Otchet o sostoyanii cerkovno-prihodskih shkol i shkol gramoty Stavropol’skoj eparhii za 1894-1895 uchebnyj god (1896). Stavropol’skie eparhial’nye vedomosti, 3 (ot 01 fevralya 1896).
18. Otchet po Saratovskomu «Galkinskomu» uchebno-ispravitel’nomu priyutu za 1891 god (1892). Saratov: Tipografiya Gubernskogo Zemstva.
19. Svedeniya o deyatel’nosti, sostoyashchego pod vysochajshim pokrovitel’stvom ispravitel’no-vospitatel’nogo priyuta dlya devochek pri S.-Peterburgskom damskom blagotvoritel’no-tyuremnom komitete za 1896 god (1902). Saint Petersburg: tipografiya A. S. Suvorina.
20. Seliverstov, V. I. (2018). Special’naya perepis’ kak metod issledovaniya lichnosti osuzhdennyh. Vestnik Samarskogo yuridicheskogo instituta, 4 (30), 62−68.
21. Ustav ispravitel’no-vospitatel’nogo priyuta dlya devochek, pri S.-Peterburgskom damskom blagotvoritel’no-tyuremnom komitete (1894). Tyuremnyj vestnik, 10, 462−468.
22. Shimanovskij, M. V. (1884). Ocherk vozniknoveniya ispravitel’no-vospitatel’nyh zavedenij dlya maloletnih prestupnikov v Rossii. Odessa: tip. P. A. Zelenogo.
23. Yakovlev, S. (1895). Ot chego u nas malo ispravitel’nyh priyutov dlya nesovershennoletnih zhenskogo pola. Tyuremnyj vestnik, 6, 325-330.
